DIFFERENT REFERENCING STYLES & INTRODUCTION TO APA

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Understand the Importance of Referencing and Citation

Recognize the significance of citing sources to avoid plagiarism.
Understand how proper referencing enhances academic integrity and the credibility of scholarly work.
Learn how referencing helps readers to locate and verify sources.

2. Identify Different Referencing Styles

Understand the various citation styles used in academic writing (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and Vancouver).
Compare and contrast the features of each style (e.g., in-text citations, reference lists, and specific formatting rules).
Identify the most common contexts or disciplines in which each style is used (e.g., APA in social sciences, MLA in humanities).

3. Introduction to the APA Citation Style

Learn the general format and guidelines for APA style (7th edition).
Understand the rules for creating in-text citations (e.g., author-date system).
Learn how to format a reference list (e.g., author names, publication year, title, and source details).

4. Master Basic In-Text Citation Techniques in APA

Learn how to cite sources within the text of your paper (e.g., paraphrases, direct quotes).
Understand the rules for citing multiple authors, group authors, and non-standard sources (e.g., websites, podcasts).

5. Create a Reference List in APA Style

6. Apply APA Formatting Guidelines

Understand the general formatting of an APA paper (e.g., title page, headings, margins, font, and spacing).
Learn how to format tables, figures, and appendices in APA style.

APA formatted text

Different Referencing Styles and Introduction to APA

Referencing is also called as citation. Referencing can be defined as a method of acknowledging and recognizing someone for His or her innovative work that you used in your research to back and support you idea.(Alvi ,2016)

Referencing Styles

There are various standard methods used for citing the source of work.Some common and widely used citation styles are:

l Harvard

l Vancouver

l APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style

l MLA ((Modern Language Association) Referencing Style

l Chicago/ Turabian Referencing Style

Harvard Referencing Style

The Harvard (Author-Date) citation style is a system that students, authors, and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, discoveries , and ideas into their work so that their conclusions are violated without violating any intellectual property rules.( Pandey &et al.,2020)

Vancouver Referencing Style

The Vancouver style uses the citation-sequence system, meaning that references at the end of your paper are numbered in the order in which the corresponding citations appear in your text, rather than listed alphabetically by author (Library Guides @ VIU: Library Information: about VIU Library, n.d.).

Chicago/ Turabian Referencing Style

Chicago is a documentation style that has been published by the Chicago university press since 1906.The Chicago citations are based on the authoritative Chicago manual of styles (Lipson, 2011).Chicago style citations come in two varieties: 1)notes and bibliography and 2)author-date.(The Chicago manual style 18^thedition text 2024)

MLA Referencing Style

MLA Style was established in 1951 by the Modern Language Association (Huett & Koch, 2011). MLA style calls for (1) brief in-text documentation and (2) complete bibliographic information in a list of works cited at the end of your text (Bullock & et al., 2017).

APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing Style

APA style is a set of guidelines for clear and precise scholarly communication that helps authors (Publication manual of the APA).There are seven sections in an APA- style manuscript, the title page , abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references ( Bordens & Abbott,2014).

Table 1

Comparison of Various Referencing Styles

APA MLA Harvard Vancouver Chicago
Author’s name followed by its initial.	Author’s name.	Author’s name followed by its initial.	Author’s surname followed by its initial .	Name of the author.
Publication year.	Title of the article.	Publication year.	Title of article Followed by double quotation.	Article title in double quotation.
Title of article followed by full stop.	Name of journal.	Title of article with single quotation mark Followed by full stop.	Journal name (abbreviated).	Journal’s Title in Italic form.
Journal name in Italic form.	Volume number followed by decimal and issue number	Journal name in Italic form.	Date of publication followed by double quotation.	Volume number.
Page number	Page numbers.	Issue number in bracket.	Issue number in bracket.	Page number.
	Medium of publication.	Page number.	Page number

Figure 1

Various Types of Referencing Styles

References

Alvi, M. H. (2016). A manual for referencing styles in research. In Munich Personal RePEc Archive

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

Bordens, K.S., & Abbot,B.B (2014). Research design and methods: A Process Approach.(5th ed.).Pearson.

Bullock, R., Brody, M., & Weinberg, F. (2017). The little seagull handbook (3rd ed.). W.W. Norton & Company

Huett, A., & Koch, R. T. (2011). Introduction to MLA style. Center for Writing Excellence.

Lipson, C. (2011). Cite right: A quick guide to citation styles-MLA, APA, Chicago, the sciences, professions, and more (2nd ed.). University of Press.

Pandey, S., Pandey, S., Dwivedi, S., Pandey, D., Mishra, H., & Mahapatra, S. (2020). Methods of various citing and referencing styles: Fundamentals for early career researchers. Publishing Research Quarterly, 36(2), 243–253. Springer Science + Business Media.

The University of Chicago Press. (2024). The Chicago manual of style (18th ed.).

Vancouver Island University. (n.d.). Library information: About VIU library. https://library.viu.ca/libinfo

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Monday, January 20, 2025